This report studies the global Diffractive Beam Splitters market status and forecast, categorizes the global Diffractive Beam Splitters market size (value & volume) by manufacturers, type, application, and region. This report focuses on the top manufacturers in North America, Europe, Japan, China, India, Southeast Asia and other regions (Central & South America, and Middle East & Africa).
The global Diffractive Beam Splitters market is valued at million US$ in 2017 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2025-2036.
The major manufacturers covered in this report
Jenoptik
Holo/Or Ltd.
HORIBA
Newport Corporation
Zeiss
Shimadzu Corporation
Edmund Optics
Lightsmyth (Finisar)
Optometrics (Dynasil)
Kaiser Optical Systems
SUSS MicroTec AG.
Photop Technologies
Wasatch Photonics
Headwall Photonics
Plymouth Grating Lab
Spectrogon AB
RPC Photonics
SILIOS Technologies
Ariel Optics
Geographically, this report studies the top producers and consumers, focuses on product capacity, production, value, consumption, market share and growth opportunity in these key regions, covering
North America
Europe
China
Japan
India
Southeast Asia
Other regions (Central & South America, Middle East & Africa)
We can also provide the customized separate regional or country-level reports, for the following regions:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Asia-Pacific
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Australia
Indonesia
Singapore
Rest of Asia-Pacific
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Spain
Russia
Rest of Europe
Central & South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Rest of Middle East & Africa
On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into
Beam Shaping / Top-Hat
Beam Splitting
Beam Foci
By Application, the market can be split into
Laser Scribing (Solar Cells)
Glass Dicing (LCD Displays)
Medical/Aesthetic Applications
Others
The study objectives of this report are:
To analyze and study the global Diffractive Beam Splitters capacity, production, value, consumption, status (2020-2024) and forecast (2025-2036);
Focuses on the key Diffractive Beam Splitters manufacturers, to study the capacity, production, value, market share and development plans in future.
Focuses on the global key manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the market competition landscape, SWOT analysis.
To define, describe and forecast the market by type, application and region.
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends and factors driving or inhibiting the market growth.
To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.
To strategically analyze each submarket with respect to individual growth trend and their contribution to the market.
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Diffractive Beam Splitters are as follows:
History Year: 2020-2024
Base Year: 2025
Estimated Year: 2024
Forecast Year 2025 to 2036
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2017 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders
Diffractive Beam Splitters Manufacturers
Diffractive Beam Splitters Distributors/Traders/Wholesalers
Diffractive Beam Splitters Subcomponent Manufacturers
Industry Association
Downstream Vendors
Available Customizations
With the given market data, Chem Reports offers customizations according to the company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Regional and country-level analysis of the Diffractive Beam Splitters market, by end-use.
Detailed analysis and profiles of additional market players.
End of Summary
Table of Contents
Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Professional Survey Report
1 Industry Overview of Diffractive Beam Splitters
1.1 Definition and Specifications of Diffractive Beam Splitters
1.1.1 Definition of Diffractive Beam Splitters
1.1.2 Specifications of Diffractive Beam Splitters
1.2 Classification of Diffractive Beam Splitters
1.2.1 Beam Shaping / Top-Hat
1.2.2 Beam Splitting
1.2.3 Beam Foci
1.3 Applications of Diffractive Beam Splitters
1.3.1 Laser Scribing (Solar Cells)
1.3.2 Glass Dicing (LCD Displays)
1.3.3 Medical/Aesthetic Applications
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Market Segment by Regions
1.4.1 North America
1.4.2 Europe
1.4.3 China
1.4.4 Japan
1.4.5 Southeast Asia
1.4.6 India
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Diffractive Beam Splitters
3 Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
3.2 Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
3.3 R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
3.4 Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
4 Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Overall Market Overview
4.1 -E Overall Market Analysis
4.2 Capacity Analysis
4.2.1 -E Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Capacity and Growth Rate Analysis
4.2.2 Diffractive Beam Splitters Capacity Analysis (Company Segment)
4.3 Sales Analysis
4.3.1 -E Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales and Growth Rate Analysis
4.3.2 Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Analysis (Company Segment)
4.4 Sales Price Analysis
4.4.1 -E Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price
4.4.2 Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment)
5 Diffractive Beam Splitters Regional Market Analysis
5.1 North America Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Analysis
5.1.1 North America Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Overview
5.1.2 North America -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.1.3 North America -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis
5.1.4 North America Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Share Analysis
5.2 Europe Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Analysis
5.2.1 Europe Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Overview
5.2.2 Europe -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.2.3 Europe -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis
5.2.4 Europe Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Share Analysis
5.3 China Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Analysis
5.3.1 China Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Overview
5.3.2 China -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.3.3 China -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis
5.3.4 China Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Share Analysis
5.4 Japan Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Analysis
5.4.1 Japan Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Overview
5.4.2 Japan -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.4.3 Japan -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis
5.4.4 Japan Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Share Analysis
5.5 Southeast Asia Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Analysis
5.5.1 Southeast Asia Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Overview
5.5.2 Southeast Asia -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.5.3 Southeast Asia -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis
5.5.4 Southeast Asia Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Share Analysis
5.6 India Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Analysis
5.6.1 India Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Overview
5.6.2 India -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Local Supply, Import, Export, Local Consumption Analysis
5.6.3 India -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Analysis
5.6.4 India Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Share Analysis
6 Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales by Type
6.2 Different Types of Diffractive Beam Splitters Product Interview Price Analysis
6.3 Different Types of Diffractive Beam Splitters Product Driving Factors Analysis
6.3.1 Beam Shaping / Top-Hat Growth Driving Factor Analysis
6.3.2 Beam Splitting Growth Driving Factor Analysis
6.3.3 Beam Foci Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7 Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption by Application
7.2 Different Application of Diffractive Beam Splitters Product Interview Price Analysis
7.3 Different Application of Diffractive Beam Splitters Product Driving Factors Analysis
7.3.1 Laser Scribing (Solar Cells) of Diffractive Beam Splitters Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.2 Glass Dicing (LCD Displays) of Diffractive Beam Splitters Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.3 Medical/Aesthetic Applications of Diffractive Beam Splitters Growth Driving Factor Analysis
7.3.4 Others of Diffractive Beam Splitters Growth Driving Factor Analysis
8 Major Manufacturers Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
8.1 Jenoptik
8.1.1 Company Profile
8.1.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.1.2.1 Product A
8.1.2.2 Product B
8.1.3 Jenoptik Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.1.4 Jenoptik Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.2 Holo/Or Ltd.
8.2.1 Company Profile
8.2.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.2.2.1 Product A
8.2.2.2 Product B
8.2.3 Holo/Or Ltd. Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.2.4 Holo/Or Ltd. Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.3 HORIBA
8.3.1 Company Profile
8.3.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.3.2.1 Product A
8.3.2.2 Product B
8.3.3 HORIBA Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.3.4 HORIBA Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.4 Newport Corporation
8.4.1 Company Profile
8.4.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.4.2.1 Product A
8.4.2.2 Product B
8.4.3 Newport Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.4.4 Newport Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.5 Zeiss
8.5.1 Company Profile
8.5.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.5.2.1 Product A
8.5.2.2 Product B
8.5.3 Zeiss Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.5.4 Zeiss Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.6 Shimadzu Corporation
8.6.1 Company Profile
8.6.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.6.2.1 Product A
8.6.2.2 Product B
8.6.3 Shimadzu Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.6.4 Shimadzu Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.7 Edmund Optics
8.7.1 Company Profile
8.7.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.7.2.1 Product A
8.7.2.2 Product B
8.7.3 Edmund Optics Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.7.4 Edmund Optics Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.8 Lightsmyth (Finisar)
8.8.1 Company Profile
8.8.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.8.2.1 Product A
8.8.2.2 Product B
8.8.3 Lightsmyth (Finisar) Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.8.4 Lightsmyth (Finisar) Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.9 Optometrics (Dynasil)
8.9.1 Company Profile
8.9.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.9.2.1 Product A
8.9.2.2 Product B
8.9.3 Optometrics (Dynasil) Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.9.4 Optometrics (Dynasil) Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.10 Kaiser Optical Systems
8.10.1 Company Profile
8.10.2 Product Picture and Specifications
8.10.2.1 Product A
8.10.2.2 Product B
8.10.3 Kaiser Optical Systems Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales, Ex-factory Price, Revenue, Gross Margin Analysis
8.10.4 Kaiser Optical Systems Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution Analysis
8.11 SUSS MicroTec AG.
8.12 Photop Technologies
8.13 Wasatch Photonics
8.14 Headwall Photonics
8.15 Plymouth Grating Lab
8.16 Spectrogon AB
8.17 RPC Photonics
8.18 SILIOS Technologies
8.19 Ariel Optics
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters Market
9.1 Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast
9.1.2 Global -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price Forecast
9.2 Diffractive Beam Splitters Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Forecast
9.2.2 Europe -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Forecast
9.2.3 China -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Forecast
9.2.4 Japan -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Forecast
9.2.5 Southeast Asia -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Forecast
9.2.6 India -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Forecast
9.3 Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Trend (Application)
10 Diffractive Beam Splitters Marketing Type Analysis
10.1 Diffractive Beam Splitters Regional Marketing Type Analysis
10.2 Diffractive Beam Splitters International Trade Type Analysis
10.3 Traders or Distributors with Contact Information of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Region
10.4 Diffractive Beam Splitters Supply Chain Analysis
11 Consumers Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
11.1 Consumer 1 Analysis
11.2 Consumer 2 Analysis
11.3 Consumer 3 Analysis
11.4 Consumer 4 Analysis
12 Conclusion of the Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Professional Survey Report
Methodology
Analyst Introduction
Data Source
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Diffractive Beam Splitters
Table Product Specifications of Diffractive Beam Splitters
Table Classification of Diffractive Beam Splitters
Figure Global Production Market Share of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Type in
Figure Beam Shaping / Top-Hat Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Beam Shaping / Top-Hat
Figure Beam Splitting Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Beam Splitting
Figure Beam Foci Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Beam Foci
Table Applications of Diffractive Beam Splitters
Figure Global Consumption Volume Market Share of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Application in
Figure Laser Scribing (Solar Cells) Examples
Table Major Consumers in Laser Scribing (Solar Cells)
Figure Glass Dicing (LCD Displays) Examples
Table Major Consumers in Glass Dicing (LCD Displays)
Figure Medical/Aesthetic Applications Examples
Table Major Consumers in Medical/Aesthetic Applications
Figure Others Examples
Table Major Consumers in Others
Figure Market Share of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Regions
Figure North America Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure Europe Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure China Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure Japan Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Figure India Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) (-2025)
Table Diffractive Beam Splitters Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters in
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Diffractive Beam Splitters
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Diffractive Beam Splitters
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
Table Manufacturing Plants Distribution of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
Table R&D Status and Technology Source of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
Table Raw Materials Sources Analysis of Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Major Manufacturers in
Table Global Capacity, Sales , Price, Cost, Sales Revenue (M USD) and Gross Margin of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Volume) and Growth Rate
Figure Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Value) and Growth Rate
Table -E Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Capacity and Growth Rate
Table Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Capacity (K Units) List (Company Segment)
Table -E Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales (K Units) and Growth Rate
Table Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales (K Units) List (Company Segment)
Table -E Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Table Global Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit) List (Company Segment)
Figure North America Capacity Overview
Table North America Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure North America -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure North America Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Market Share
Figure Europe Capacity Overview
Table Europe Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure Europe -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Europe Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Market Share
Figure China Capacity Overview
Table China Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure China -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure China Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Market Share
Figure Japan Capacity Overview
Table Japan Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure Japan -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Japan Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Market Share
Figure Southeast Asia Capacity Overview
Table Southeast Asia Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure Southeast Asia -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Southeast Asia Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Market Share
Figure India Capacity Overview
Table India Supply, Import, Export and Consumption (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters -E
Figure India -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit)
Figure India Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Market Share
Table Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales (K Units) by Type
Table Different Types Diffractive Beam Splitters Product Interview Price
Table Global -E Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales (K Units) by Application
Table Different Application Diffractive Beam Splitters Product Interview Price
Table Jenoptik Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Jenoptik Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Jenoptik Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Holo/Or Ltd. Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Holo/Or Ltd. Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Holo/Or Ltd. Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table HORIBA Information List
Table Product Overview
Table HORIBA Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure HORIBA Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Newport Corporation Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Newport Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Newport Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Zeiss Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Zeiss Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Zeiss Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Shimadzu Corporation Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Shimadzu Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Shimadzu Corporation Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Edmund Optics Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Edmund Optics Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Edmund Optics Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Lightsmyth (Finisar) Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Lightsmyth (Finisar) Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Lightsmyth (Finisar) Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Optometrics (Dynasil) Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Optometrics (Dynasil) Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Optometrics (Dynasil) Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table Kaiser Optical Systems Information List
Table Product Overview
Table Kaiser Optical Systems Diffractive Beam Splitters Revenue (Million USD), Sales (K Units), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit)
Figure Kaiser Optical Systems Diffractive Beam Splitters Business Region Distribution
Table SUSS MicroTec AG. Information List
Table Photop Technologies Information List
Table Wasatch Photonics Information List
Table Headwall Photonics Information List
Table Plymouth Grating Lab Information List
Table Spectrogon AB Information List
Table RPC Photonics Information List
Table SILIOS Technologies Information List
Table Ariel Optics Information List
Figure Global -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Global -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Market Size (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Global -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast
Figure North America -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure China -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Europe -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Southeast Asia -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure Japan -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Figure India -2025 Diffractive Beam Splitters Consumption Volume (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast
Table Global Sales Volume (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Type -2025
Table Global Consumption Volume (K Units) of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Application -2025
Table Traders or Distributors with Contact Information of Diffractive Beam Splitters by Region